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Unit 8: Water Resources // Glossary
aquifers
Underground formations, usually composed of sand, gravel, or permeable rock, capable of storing and yielding significant quantities of water.
artesian
Describes a confined aquifer containing groundwater that will flow upwards out of a well without the need for pumping.
catchment area
The area that draws surface runoff from precipitation into a stream or urban storm drain system.
discharges
Defined by the Clean Water Act as the addition of pollutants (including animal manure or contaminated waters) to navigable waters.
estuaries
Coastal waters where seawater is measurably diluted with freshwater; a marine ecosystem where freshwater enters the ocean.
freshwater
Water without significant amounts of dissolved sodium chloride (salt). Characteristic of rain, rivers, ponds, and most lakes.
groundwater
Water contained in porous strata below the surface of the Earth.
hydraulic head
The force per unit area exerted by a column of liquid at a height above a depth (and pressure) of interest. Fluids flow down a hydraulic gradient, from points of higher to lower hydraulic head.
hypoxic
Referring to a condition in which natural waters have a low concentration of dissolved oxygen (about 2 milligrams per liter, compared with a normal level of 5 to 10 milligrams per liter). Most game and commercial species of fish avoid waters that are hypoxic.
nonpoint source
A diffuse, unconfined discharge of water from the land to a receiving body of water. When this water contains materials that can potentially damage the receiving stream, the runoff is considered to be a source of pollutants.
non-aqueous phased liquids (NAPL)
Organic liquids that are relatively insoluble in water and less dense than water. When mixed with water or when an aquifer is contaminated with this class of pollutant (frequently hydrocarbon in nature), these substances tend to float on the surface of the water.
permeability
The ease with which water and other fluids migrate through geological strata or landfill liners.
point source
An identifiable and confined discharge point for one or more water pollutants, such as a pipe, channel, vessel, or ditch.
porosity
The total volume of soil, rock, or other material that is occupied by pore spaces. A high porosity does not equate to a high permeability because the pore spaces may be poorly interconnected.
recharge
A hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots, and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface.
sorption
The physical or chemical linkage of substances, either by absorption or by adsorption.
total maximum daily load
The maximal quantity of a particular water pollutant that can be discharged into a water body without violating a water quality standard.
vadose zone
The area of the ground below the surface and above the region occupied by groundwater.
watershed
The area of land that drains into a lake or stream.