Role of Teacher	Transmitter	Manager	Facilitator	Collaborator
Nature of Knowledge	Universal, objective, and fixed (independent of knower)	Universal and "objective" (influenced by knower's prior knowledge)	Individually constructed; "objective" (contingent on knower's intellectual development)	Socially constructed; "subjective" (distributed across knowers)

Grounding Theoretical Tradition	Behaviorism	Information Processing	Cognitive constructivism	Social constructivism

Metaphorical View of Learner	Switchboard	Computer	Naive Scientist	Apprentice

Nature of Teaching Activity	Present reality to students disseminate information incrementally demonstrate procedures reinforce habits during independent practice	Help students process reality assemble information-rich environments model expert memory and thinking strategies foster metacognition	Challenge students' conceptions of reality promote desequilibrium with discrepant objects and events guide students through problem solving activities monitor reflective thinking after discoveries	Participate with students in constructing reality elicit and adapt to student (mis)conceptions engage in open-ended inquiries with students guide self and students to authentic resources and procedures

Nature of Student Activity	Replicate reality transmitted by authorities listen rehearse recite	Manipulate reality perceived through senses priactice thinking and memorizing activities develop schemata and automatize skills practice self-regulatory strategies	Experience reality through physical and social activity assimilate information develop neew schemes and operations to deal with novel experiences reflect on physical, social, and intellectual discoveries	Create reality during physical and social activity manufacture "situated" (cultural) understandings actively engage in openended inquiries with peers and teachers reflect on co-constructed meanings