Visuals: Unit 8
Animations
- 2D Shear
- Simple rules are written that if randomly placed particles touch when a system shears they are moved to a new position when the system is cycled back.
- Critical Points
- A critical point is the point at which the boundary that separates two stable states of matter disappears.
- Fluctuations and Temperature
- Coleman could see a very direct and simple relationship with the spectrum of the fluctuations and the temperature of the material.
- High Temperature Superconductors
- In the first superconducting material, mercury was cooled to 4 K and 75 years later scientists made a giant leap forward as they discovered many related materials that superconduct at temperatures well above 90 K.
- Neutron Scattering
- As neutrons come in contact with magnetic atoms in a material, they scatter, losing kinetic energy. This excites the magnetic fluctuations in the material.
- Periodic Table: A Canvas
- And the canvas that we work with is the canvas of the periodic table. We have something like 92 different elements to play with.
- Quantum Critical
- CeCu6Au is "quantum critical" when it fluctuates between magnetic and metallic phases. Coleman wants to understand this kind of emergent behavior.
- Superconductor Properties
- Superconductors carry electrical current without resistance and are almost perfect diamagnets (a more fundamental aspect of their behavior), in that they can screen out external magnetic fields within a short distance.
- Taylor's Experiment 1
- Like G.I Taylor, they placed their colloid, the fluid and the particles, inside a couette cell, which consists of a cylinder with another cylinder inside it.
- Taylor's Experiment 2
- When Pine and Gollub ran this experiment they thought that rotating the cylinder would shear the fluid, causing some particles to collide.
Photographs
- Bardeen, John
- John Bardeen, with Leon Cooper and Robert Schrieffer, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the BCS theory.
- Bohm, David
- David Bohm's life involved a series of contradictions. Refused security clearance for work on the atom bomb during World War II, he made critical contributions to the development of the bomb.
- Crab Nebula
- This recent image from the Chandra x-ray telescope shows the Crab Nebula, the remnant of a supernova explosion seen on earth in 1054 AD that accompanied the formation of a rapidly rotating neutron star at its center.
- Highly Directional Semiconductor Lasers
- Highly directional semiconductor lasers are quantum cascade lasers patterned with a plasmonic collimator which greatly reduces the divergence in the vertical direction.
- Landau, Lev
- Landau impacted theoretical physics over much of the 20th century.
- London, Fritz
- Fritz London was a seminal figure in the early days of quantum mechanics through his pioneering work on the chemical bond, the measurement problem, and to our understanding of superfluidity and superconductivity.
- Meissner Effect
- A photograph such as this of a levitating magnet is arguably the iconic image for superconductivity.
- Mott, Nevill
- Nevill Mott was a world leader in atomic and solid-state physics during a career in theoretical physics that spanned over sixty years.
- Nanowires
- Nanowires are crystalline fibers with emergent behaviors expected to be used for nanoscale applications.
- Onsager, Lars
- Lars Onsager, a physical chemist and theoretical physicist who possessed extraordinary mathematical talent and physical insight.
- Oppenheimer, Robert
- The first director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Robert Oppenheimer (ca. 1944) was a brilliant theoretical physicist and inspired teacher who became famous for his remarkably effective leadership of the Manhattan Project.
- Scanning Tunneling Microscope
- Left: A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a powerful instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Right: Inhomogeneous energy gaps in BSCCO.
- Superfluid Motion without Resistance
- Like the condensate, these coupled dancers came together when the music started and continued in a fluid motion next to each other without bumping into each other or stepping on each other's toes.
- Vela X-ray
- Chandra X-ray telescope image of the Vela supernova remnant shows dramatic bow-like structures produced by the interaction of radiation and electron beams coming from the rapidly rotating neutron star in its center.
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Graphics
- ARPES
- Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a direct experimental technique to observe the distribution of the electrons (more precisely, the density of single-particle electronic excitations) in the reciprocal space of solids.
- BCS Quasiparticle Formation
- An illustration of the process by which a BCS quasiparticle becomes a mixture of a normal state quasiparticle and quasihole and in so doing acquires an energy gap.
- Cuprate Superconductors
- A candidate phase diagram based, in part, on magnetic measurements of normal state behavior, for the cuprate superconductors.
- Effective Interaction
- The net effective interaction between electrons in a metal.
- Electronic Band Structure
- Comparison of the electronic band structures of metals, semiconductors, and insulators.
- Fermi Surface with Holes and Electrons
- The Fermi surface reveals how the energy varies with momentum for the highest-energy electrons—those that have the Fermi energy.
- Helium Phases
- Temperature-pressure phase diagrams of the two quantum materials, 3He and 4He, that remain liquid down to the lowest temperatures in the absence of pressure compared to a typical liquid-solid phase diagram.
- INS and Phonon Spectrum
- Top: Experimental set-up for measurement of energy loss spectrum of neutrons that are inelastically scattered by a crystal. Bottom: A typical phonon spectrum obtained through an elastic neutron scattering (INS) experiment.
- Kondo Lattice Scaling Behavior
- A candidate phase diagram for CeRhIn5 depicting the changes in its emergent behavior and ordering temperatures as a function of pressure.
- Magnetic Interaction
- Magnetic interaction potential in a lattice.
- Magnetic Quasiparticle Interaction
- The magnetic quasiparticle interaction between spins s and s'.
- Neutron Star Cross-Section
- A cross section of a neutron star shows the rich variety of emergent quantum matter expected in its crust and core.
- Pinning
- An illustration of two possible regimes of pinning for superfluid vortices in the crust of a neutron star.
- Pseudogaps
- Illustration of the temperature evolution of the Fermi surface in underdoped cuprates.
- Quasiparticles
- As shown in the figure, dimensionality can influence dramatically the behavior of quasiparticles in metals.
- Superconducting SQUID
- A Superconducting Qantum Interference Device (SQUID) is the most sensitive type of detector of magnetic fields known to science.
- Superfluid Vortex
- Geometry of a straight vortex line in a superfluid.
- Two Types of Superconductors
- Left: conventional superconductors, and right: heavy-electron superconductors.
- Vela Pulsar
- Radiotelescope observations of glitches and postglitch behavior in the Vela pulsar.
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